a, b = "apple", "banana"

print(a + b)

applebanana

print(a * 2)

appleapple

print(len(a))

5

print(a[0])

a

print(a[-1])

e

print(a[1:4])

ppl

print(a[:3])

app

print(a[2:])

ple

print(a.upper())

APPLE

print(a.lower())

apple

print(a.capitalize())

Apple

print("HELLO".casefold())

hello

print(a.swapcase()) 

APPLE

print("Hello World".title()) 

Hello World

print("   spaced   ".strip())

spaced

print("   spaced   ".lstrip())

spaced

print("   spaced   ".rstrip())

   spaced

print("east-west".split("-"))

['east', 'west']

print("one two three".split())

['one', 'two', 'three']

print("a,b,c".split(","))

['a', 'b', 'c']

print(",".join(["a","b","c"]))

a,b,c

print("apple".startswith("app"))

True

print("apple".endswith("ple"))

True

print("apple".find("p")) 

1

print("apple".find("x"))

-1

print("apple".index("p")) 

1

print("apple".count("p"))

2

print("apple".replace("p", "b"))

abble

print(" a | b | c ".split("|"))

[' a ', ' b ', ' c ']

print("abc".isalpha()) 

True

print("abc123".isalnum())

True

print("123".isdigit())

True

print("   ".isspace())

True

print("Hello".islower()) 

False

print("hello".islower())

True

print("WORLD".isupper())

True

print("Hello".istitle())

True

print("Hello".encode())

b'Hello'

print(str(123)) 

123

print(repr("123\n"))

'123\n'

print(a.endswith(("le","na")))

True

print("abcDEF".upper().lower())

abcdef

print("a b c".replace(" ", "")) 

abc

print("12345".zfill(8))

00012345

print("x".rjust(3, "-"))

--x

print("x".ljust(3, "+"))

x++

print("hi".center(6, "*"))

**hi**

print("aBc".center(5))

 aBc

print("ABCD".islower())

False

print("abcd".islower())

True

print("ABCD".isupper()) 

True

print("abc123".islower()) 

True

print("abc123".isalpha())

False

print("abc".isdigit())

False

print("123abc".isalnum())

True

print("ß".casefold())

ss

print("Straße".casefold())

strasse

print("  Hello  ".strip().upper()) 

HELLO

print("-".join("ABC")) 

A-B-C

print("A-B-C".split("-"))

['A', 'B', 'C']

print("  mixedCase  ".swapcase())

  MIXEDcASE

print("python3.9".partition("."))

('python3', '.', '9')

print("nosplit".partition("."))

('nosplit', '', '')

print("a b c".rpartition(" "))

('a b', ' ', 'c')

print("abc\nxyz".splitlines())

['abc', 'xyz']

print("abc\nxyz\n".splitlines(True))

['abc\n', 'xyz\n']

print("for\tj".expandtabs(4))

for j

print("teSt".capitalize())

Test

print("🙂😊🙃".encode('utf-8'))

b'\xf0\x9f\x99\x82\xf0\x9f\x98\x8a\xf0\x9f\x99\x83'

print(" trim ".strip("*"))

 trim

print("***trim***".strip("*"))

trim

print("abc".startswith(""))

True

print("".join([]))

print("".join(["a"]))

a

print("One".lower().startswith("o"))

True

print("One".upper().endswith("E"))

True

print("spam eggs".replace("eggs","ham"))

spam ham

print(" x ".strip().zfill(4))

000x

print(" x ".strip().zfill(4))

000x

print("²³".isnumeric())  

True

print("Ⅻ".isnumeric())

True

print("20".isdecimal())

True

print("²".isdecimal())

False

print("hello".encode('ascii'))

b'hello'

print("a b c".replace(" ", "-", 2))

a-b-c

print("a--b--c".split("--",1)) 

['a', 'b--c']

print("A|B|C".split("|", maxsplit=1))

['A', 'B|C']

print("  A  B  ".split())

['A', 'B']

print("word".ljust(6)) 

word

print("word".rjust(6)) 

  word

print("WORD".lower().upper())

WORD

print(" a,b,c ".strip().split(","))

['a', 'b', 'c']

print(";".join("123"))

1;2;3

print("123".join(["a","b","c"])) 

a123b123c

print("x".center(3))

 x

print("x".center(4,"-"))

-x--

print("Data".islower(), "Data".isupper(), "Data".istitle())

False False True

print("Data123".isalnum())

True

print("  ".replace(" ","_"))

__

print("A\nB\nC".splitlines())

['A', 'B', 'C']

print("\n".join(["A","B","C"]))

A
B
C

print("trimmeR".rstrip("Rr"))

trimme

print("trimmeR".lstrip("tr"))

immeR

print("foobar".partition("o"))

('f', 'o', 'obar')

print("foobar".rpartition("o"))

('fo', 'o', 'bar')

print(" repeat ".strip().replace(" ","-"))

repeat

print(" repeat ".strip().replace(" ", "-"))

repeat

print("aBcDeF".swapcase()[::-1]) 

fEdCbA

print("12345".translate(str.maketrans("135","ACE")))

A2C4E

print("hello😊".encode('utf-8').decode('utf-8'))

hello😊

print("test".format())

test

print("{0} + {1}".format("a","b"))

a + b

print(f"{a}-{b}") 

apple-banana

print("%s:%d" % ("age", 30)) 

age:30

print(" abc ".strip().title())

Abc

print("mix".zfill(5).upper())

00MIX

print("END".center(7, "."))

..END..

print("wrap".rjust(6,"~").ljust(8,"_"))

list = [
    "AB", 
    "CD",
    "EF",
    "GH",
    "IJ", 
    "KL",
    "MN",
    "OP",
    "QR",
    "ST",
    "UV",
    "WX",
    "YZ"
]

list

['AB', 'CD', 'EF', 'GH', 'IJ', 'KL', 'MN', 'OP', 'QR', 'ST', 'UV', 'WX', 'YZ']

# append to list
list.append("ABC")

list

['AB',
 'CD',
 'EF',
 'GH',
 'IJ',
 'KL',
 'MN',
 'OP',
 'QR',
 'ST',
 'UV',
 'WX',
 'YZ',
 'ABC']

list …

d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

print(d)

{'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(len(d))

2

print(d["a"])

1

d["c"] = 3

print(d)

{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

d["a"] = 10

print(d)

{'a': 10, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

del d["b"]

print(d)

{'a': 10, 'c': 3 …

s = {1, 2, 3}

print(s)

{1, 2, 3}

print(len(s)) 

3

print(2 in s)

True

print(2 in s)

True

s.add(4)

print(s)

{1, 2, 3, 4}

s.remove(3)

print(s)

{1, 2, 4}

s.discard(5)

print(s)

{1, 2, 4}

s.update …

#Tuple Basics

t = (1, 2, 3)
print(t)

(1, 2, 3)

print(type(t))

<class 'tuple'>

t2 = tuple([4, 5, 6])
print(t2)

(4, 5, 6)

t3 = 1, 2, 3
print(t3)

(1, 2, 3)

t4 = (1,)  # single element
print(t4)

(1,)

print(len(t))

3

print(t[0])

1 …

#Basic File Reading/Writing

f = open("sample.txt", "w")
f.write("Hello")
f.close()

f = open("sample.txt", "r")
print(f.read())
f.close()

Hello

with open("sample.txt", "r") as f:
    print(f.read())

Hello

with open("sample.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write("New content")

with open("sample …

!python --version

Python 3.12.11

import ast

# Python code as a string
code = """
def greet(name):
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

x = 10
y = x + 20
print(greet("Python"))
"""

# Parse the code into an AST
tree = ast.parse(code)

# Define a visitor class to analyze nodes
class CodeAnalyzer(ast.NodeVisitor …

import pandas as pd

data = {
    'city' : ['Toronto', 'Montreal', 'Waterloo'],
    'points' : [80, 70, 90]
}

data

{'city': ['Toronto', 'Montreal', 'Waterloo'], 'points': [80, 70, 90]}

type(data)

dict

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

df

from datetime import datetime

def get_age(d):
    d1 = datetime.now()
    months = (d1.year - d.year) * 12 + d1.month - d.month

    year = int(months / 12)
    return year

age = get_age(datetime(1991, 1, 1))

age

33

import timeit

def linear_search(lys, element):  
    for i in range (len(lys)):
        if lys[i] == element:
            return i
    return -1

def binary_search(lys, val):  
    first = 0
    last = len(lys)-1
    index = -1
    while (first <= last) and (index == -1):
        mid = (first+last)//2
        if lys[mid] == val:
            index = mid
        else:
            if …